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Desk ResearchInterviewDirect Observation
Case Study
A detailed investigation of a single unit, such as a person, site, or project, using multiple data types to explore how context, implementation, and other factors contribute to observed outcomes. It involves gathering and analyzing information directly from the unit or its stakeholders.
When This Method Fits
Typical duration
Weeks – Months
Typical cost
Medium – High
Fidelity level
N/A
Stage
Discovery, Validation
Hypothesis type
Mechanism, Outcome
Goal type
Find product-market fit, Deepen product-market fit, Validate go-to-market strategy, Maximize societal impact, Drive corporate innovation / R&D, Improve operational efficiency
Randomization
N/A
Study design
Descriptive single-case study
Minimum units needed
1
Causal rigor
Min 1 · Max 2 / 5
1Best Fit When
Best when you need a rich, contextual understanding of why one specific instance worked or didn't, not a generalizable average across many.